Parts of Speech
یہ وہ پارٹس ہیں جو مل کر انگریزی کی بنیاد رکھتے ہیں۔ یہ کچھ کتابوں میں آٹھ ہیں اور کچھ میں نو۔ ہم جاہن ایسٹ ووڈ کی کتاب کے مطابق انہیں آٹھ کی تعداد میں واضح کریں گے۔
Definitions
- 1. Nouns: Words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: “dog”, “city”, “happiness”
- 2. Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence. Examples: “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”
- 3. Verbs: Words that express action or a state of being. Examples: “run”, “jump”, “be”, “have”
- 4. Adjectives: Words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns. Examples: “happy”, “big”, “red”, “curious”
- 5. Adverbs: Words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Examples: “quickly”, “very”, “well”, “yesterday”
- 6. Prepositions: Words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. Examples: “in”, “on”, “at”, “with”
- 7. Conjunctions: Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. Examples: “and”, “but”, “or”, “so”
- 8. Interjections: Words that express emotion or feeling. Examples: “oh”, “wow”, “ouch”, “ah”
- 9. Articles: Words that modify nouns and indicate whether they are specific or general. Examples: “the”, “a”, “an”
How to fit them in structure?
ان پارٹس کو فقرات میں فِٹ کرنے کے لئے پانچ قسم کے سٹرکچرز کا استعمال ہوتا ہے جنکی وضاحت اگلے سبق میں دی جائے گی۔ ابھی کیلئے ان پارٹس کے فنکشن کو سمجھنا بہت ضروری ہے۔ صرف کنسٹرکشن کے معنی کو ”تعمیر” سمجھ لینا کافی نہیں۔ کنسٹرکشن – نام ہے، اسکا فعل یعنی کام ‘کنسٹرکٹڈ ہوتا ہے، اور اسکی صفت ‘کنسٹرکٹِو’ ہوتی ہے۔ اسکے علاوہ ‘کنسٹرکٹِنگ’ بھی اسی لفظ میں ردو بدل سے بنا ہے۔ آج کے اس لیکچر میں بے شک کچھ غلطیاں بھی ہو جائیں تو کوئی مسئلہ نہیں ہوگا۔ ابھی بڑا فقرا لکھیں جس سے آپکو پارٹس آف سپیچ کو استعمال کرنا آئے۔ دوسری سرگرمی یہ ہوگی کہ کسی کتاب سے آپ ٹیکسٹ اٹھائیں اور اس ٹیکسٹ کے ہر لفظ کے نیچے لائن لگائیں اور اسکا نام لکھیں۔ نیچے دی گئی کچھ مثالیں آپکو واضح کریں گی کہ ان پارٹس کی مدد سے ایک بڑا فقرہ کیسے لکھا جا سکتا ہے۔
Examples
1. [A brave boy and his younger sister] instantly killed [a big black African cobra snake] with a long iron stick in the evening near his house on Saturday because they had learnt that snake-killing-art from their grandfather in their childhood that’s why they saved their lives.
2. That famous writer of many horror stories about the women and children who live alone in their homes told me a secret of writing impressive stories.
3. [He] appeared in the court [with a new case] [about his father’s friend] [from the city of Pakistan].
4. [The famous lawyer of the country][with a new case] [about his father’s friend] [from the city of Pakistan] appeared in the court.
5. A rich man from the famous city of Pakistan bought a very beautiful racing car for his younger brother on his birthday therefore, his brother died in an accident while driving that car.
6. Man bought [a nice house] [in Islamabad DHA Phase SEVEN][with the help of his brother] last year [for his family] because he wanted to live in a separate house.
7. [An intelligent boy and his younger sister] killed [a tall and dangerous snake] with a big stick in the kitchen after lunch on Sunday but they were scared. Therefore, they could not come to the party.
8. [A rich man from Pakistan] bought [a very expensive and nice black-car from Germany] for his old grand-mother on her birthday in 2 million dollars on Monday.
9. [My best friend and my cousins] had dinner in KFC yesterday night after the class but nobody paid the bill and the restaurant manager called my dad. That’s why he was angry with me.
10. [A beautiful and smart girl in the hospital] checked [the serious patient with an injury from Lahore] with a machine in the ward in the evening on Sunday.
it’s really good…i’m doing this